Name
ajc
- compiler and bytecode weaver for the AspectJ and Java languages
Synopsis
ajc [option...] [file... | @file... | -argfile file...]
Description
The ajc
command compiles and weaves AspectJ and Java source and .class
files, producing .class files compliant with any Java VM (1.1 or later).
It combines compilation and bytecode weaving and supports incremental
builds; you can also weave bytecode at run-time using Load-Time Weaving.
The arguments after the options specify the source file(s) to compile.
To specify source classes, use -inpath
(below). Files may be listed
directly on the command line or in a file. The -argfile file
and
@file
forms are equivalent, and are interpreted as meaning all the
arguments listed in the specified file.
Note:
You must explicitly pass ajc
all necessary sources. Be sure to
include the source not only for the aspects or pointcuts but also for
any affected types. Specifying all sources is necessary because, unlike
javac, ajc does not search the sourcepath for classes. (For a discussion
of what affected types might be required, see
The AspectJ Programming Guide,
Implementation Appendix.)
To specify sources, you can list source files as arguments or use the
options -sourceroots
or -inpath
. If there are multiple sources for
any type, the result is undefined since ajc has no way to determine
which source is correct. (This happens most often when users include the
destination directory on the inpath and rebuild.)
Options
-injars <JarList>
-
deprecated: since 1.2, use
-inpath
, which also takes directories. -inpath <Path>
-
Accept as source bytecode any .class files in the .jar files or directories on Path. The output will include these classes, possibly as woven with any applicable aspects. Path is a single argument containing a list of paths to zip files or directories, delimited by the platform-specific path delimiter.
-aspectpath <Path>
-
Weave binary aspects from jar files and directories on path into all sources. The aspects should have been output by the same version of the compiler. When running the output classes, the run classpath should contain all aspectpath entries. Path, like classpath, is a single argument containing a list of paths to jar files, delimited by the platform-specific classpath delimiter.
-argfile <File>
-
The file contains a line-delimited list of arguments. Each line in the file should contain one option, filename, or argument string (e.g., a classpath or inpath). Arguments read from the file are inserted into the argument list for the command. Relative paths in the file are calculated from the directory containing the file (not the current working directory). Comments, as in Java, start with
//
and extend to the end of the line. Options specified in argument files may override rather than extending existing option values, so avoid specifying options like-classpath
in argument files unlike the argument file is the only build specification. The form@file
is the same as specifying-argfile file
. -outjar <output.jar>
-
Put output classes in zip file output.jar.
-outxml
-
Generate aop.xml file for load-time weaving with default name.
-outxmlfile <custom/aop.xml>
-
Generate aop.xml file for load-time weaving with custom name.
-incremental
-
Run the compiler continuously. After the initial compilation, the compiler will wait to recompile until it reads a newline from the standard input, and will quit when it reads a 'q'. It will only recompile necessary components, so a recompile should be much faster than doing a second compile. This requires
-sourceroots
. -sourceroots <DirPaths>
-
Find and build all .java or .aj source files under any directory listed in DirPaths. DirPaths, like classpath, is a single argument containing a list of paths to directories, delimited by the platform-specific classpath delimiter. Required by
-incremental
. -xmlConfigured <files>
-
Configure the compile-time weaving (CTW) process, if you wish to impose non-standard limitations, e.g. a list of aspects to use (if not all), global and per-aspect scopes for the weaver (target packages and classes to exclude or include). This option also needs an .xml file on the command line, optionally multiple ones to be logically merged into one weaver configuration. Example:
<aspectj> <!-- From all aspects found, only use the ones listed here --> <aspects> <!-- Only weave class org.acme.app.B --> <aspect name="a.b.OneAspect" scope="org.acme.app.B"/> <!-- Only weave classes in package org.acme and its sub-packages --> <aspect name="c.d.TwoAspect" scope="org.acme..*"/> <!-- Weave all classes, unless globally excluded --> <aspect name="e.f.ThreeAspect"/> <!-- Weave all classes below org.acme.service, but not in the audit sub-package --> <aspect name="e.f.FourAspect" scope="org.acme.service..* AND !*..audit.*"/> <!-- Weave all controllers and services --> <aspect name="e.f.FiveAspect" scope="*..*Controller || *..*Service"/> </aspects> <weaver> <!-- Globally exclude classes in package org.acme.internal and its sub-packages from weaving --> <exclude within="org.acme.internal..*"/> <!-- This has **no effect**, use per-aspect scopes instead --> <include within="com.xyz..*"/> </weaver> </aspectj>
Please note, that
-xmlConfigured
works similarly to load-time weaving (LTW) configuration with aop.xml, but not 100% identically:-
There is no magical file name like aop.xml for LTW, i.e. an XML configuration file for CTW needs to be specified on the command line explicitly.
-
In the
<weaver>
section,<include within="…"/>
is ignored (see example above), because in CTW mode all classes the compiler can see are implicitly included in weaving, unless explicitly excluded.
Limitations which apply to both LTW and CTW modes include:
-
Scopes and excludes only affect regular pointcuts (e.g. method interception), not ITDs. The latter will always be applied and are unaffected by XML configuration.
-
When using logical operators, you cannot write
&&
in XML. Instead, useAND
as a replacement. The operators||
and!
can be used normally. Complex expressions like(A||B||C) AND !D
are also permitted. -
If you want to apply a scope to an aspect extending an abstract base aspect, you need to list and scope both aspects in the XML file.
-
-crossrefs
-
Generate a build .ajsym file into the output directory. Used for viewing crosscutting references by tools like the AspectJ Browser.
-emacssym
-
Generate .ajesym symbol files for emacs support (deprecated).
-Xlint
-
Same as -Xlint:warning (enabled by default)
-Xlint:{level}
-
Set default level for messages about potential programming mistakes in crosscutting code.
{level}
may beignore
,warning
, orerror
. This overrides entries in org/aspectj/weaver/XlintDefault.properties from aspectjtools.jar, but does not override levels set using the-Xlintfile
option. -Xlintfile <PropertyFile>
-
Specify properties file to set levels for specific crosscutting messages. PropertyFile is a path to a Java .properties file that takes the same property names and values as org/aspectj/weaver/XlintDefault.properties from aspectjtools.jar, which it also overrides.
-help
-
Emit information on compiler options and usage
-version
-
Emit the version of the AspectJ compiler
-classpath <Path>
-
Specify where to find user class files. Path is a single argument containing a list of paths to zip files or directories, delimited by the platform-specific path delimiter.
-bootclasspath <Path>
-
Override location of VM’s bootclasspath for purposes of evaluating types when compiling. Path is a single argument containing a list of paths to zip files or directories, delimited by the platform-specific path delimiter.
-extdirs <Path>
-
Override location of VM’s extension directories for purposes of evaluating types when compiling. Path is a single argument containing a list of paths to directories, delimited by the platform-specific path delimiter.
-d <Directory>
-
Specify where to place generated .class files. If not specified, <Directory> defaults to the current working dir.
-source <[1.3 to 22]>
-
Set source file Java language level
-target <[1.3 to 22]>
-
Set classfile Java bytecode level
-<[1.3 to 22]>
-
Set compiler compliance level. Implies identical
-source
and-target
levels. E.g.,-11
implies-source 11
and-target 11
. -nowarn
-
Emit no warnings (equivalent to
-warn:none
) This does not suppress messages generated bydeclare warning
orXlint
. -warn: <items>
-
Emit warnings for any instances of the comma-delimited list of questionable code (e.g.
-warn:unusedLocals,deprecation
):constructorName method with constructor name packageDefaultMethod attempt to override package-default method deprecation usage of deprecated type or member maskedCatchBlocks hidden catch block unusedLocals local variable never read unusedArguments method argument never read unusedImports import statement not used by code in file none suppress all compiler warnings
-warn:none
does not suppress messages generated bydeclare warning
orXlint
. -deprecation
-
Same as
-warn:deprecation
-noImportError
-
Emit no errors for unresolved imports
-proceedOnError
-
Keep compiling after error, dumping class files with problem methods
-g<:[lines,vars,source]>
-
debug attributes level, that may take three forms:
-g all debug info ('-g:lines,vars,source') -g:none no debug info -g:{items} debug info for any/all of [lines, vars, source], e.g., -g:lines,source
-preserveAllLocals
-
Preserve all local variables during code generation (to facilitate debugging).
-referenceInfo
-
Compute reference information.
-encoding <format>
-
Specify default source encoding format. Specify custom encoding on a per-file basis by suffixing each input source file/folder name with '[encoding]'.
-verbose
-
Emit messages about accessed/processed compilation units
-showWeaveInfo
-
Emit messages about weaving
-log <file>
-
Specify a log file for compiler messages.
-progress
-
Show progress (requires -log mode).
-time
-
Display speed information.
-noExit
-
Do not call
System.exit(n)
at end of compilation (n=0 if no error) -repeat <N>
-
Repeat compilation process N times (typically to do performance analysis).
-XterminateAfterCompilation
-
Causes compiler to terminate before weaving
-XaddSerialVersionUID
-
Causes the compiler to calculate and add the SerialVersionUID field to any type implementing Serializable that is affected by an aspect. The field is calculated based on the class before weaving has taken place.
-Xreweavable[:compress]
-
(Experimental - deprecated as now default) Runs weaver in reweavable mode which causes it to create woven classes that can be rewoven, subject to the restriction that on attempting a reweave all the types that advised the woven type must be accessible.
-XnoInline
-
(Experimental) do not inline around advice
-XincrementalFile <file>
-
(Experimental) This works like incremental mode, but using a file rather than standard input to control the compiler. It will recompile each time file is changed and and halt when file is deleted.
-XserializableAspects
-
(Experimental) Normally it is an error to declare aspects Serializable. This option removes that restriction.
-XnotReweavable
-
(Experimental) Create class files that can’t be subsequently rewoven by AspectJ.
-Xajruntimelevel:1.2, ajruntimelevel:1.5
-
(Experimental) Allows code to be generated that targets a 1.2 or a 1.5 level AspectJ runtime (default 1.5)
File names
ajc accepts source files with either the .java
extension or the .aj
extension. We normally use .java
for all of our files in an AspectJ
system — files that contain aspects as well as files that contain
classes. However, if you have a need to mechanically distinguish files
that use AspectJ’s additional functionality from those that are pure
Java we recommend using the .aj
extension for those files.
We’d like to discourage other means of mechanical distinction such as
naming conventions or sub-packages in favor of the .aj
extension.
-
Filename conventions are hard to enforce and lead to awkward names for your aspects. Instead of
TracingAspect.java
we recommend usingTracing.aj
(or justTracing.java
) instead. -
Sub-packages move aspects out of their natural place in a system and can create an artificial need for privileged aspects. Instead of adding a sub-package like
aspects
we recommend using the.aj
extension and including these files in your existing packages instead.
Compatibility
AspectJ is a compatible extension to the Java programming language. The AspectJ compiler adheres to the The Java Language Specification, Second Edition and to the The Java Virtual Machine Specification, Second Edition and runs on any Java 2 compatible platform. The code it generates runs on any Java 1.1 or later compatible platform. For more information on compatibility with Java and with previous releases of AspectJ, see Version Compatibility.
Examples
Compile two files:
ajc HelloWorld.java Trace.java
To avoid specifying file names on the command line, list source files in
a line-delimited text argfile. Source file paths may be absolute or
relative to the argfile, and may include other argfiles by @-reference.
The following file sources.lst
contains absolute and relative files
and @-references:
Gui.java
/home/user/src/Library.java
data/Repository.java
data/Access.java
@../../common/common.lst
@/home/user/src/lib.lst
view/body/ArrayView.java
Compile the files using either the -argfile or @ form:
ajc -argfile sources.lst
ajc @sources.lst
Argfiles are also supported by jikes and javac, so you can use the files in hybrid builds. However, the support varies:
-
Only ajc accepts command-line options
-
Jikes and Javac do not accept internal @argfile references.
-
Jikes and Javac only accept the @file form on the command line.
Bytecode weaving using -inpath: AspectJ 1.2 supports weaving .class files in input zip/jar files and directories. Using input jars is like compiling the corresponding source files, and all binaries are emitted to output. Although Java-compliant compilers may differ in their output, ajc should take as input any class files produced by javac, jikes, eclipse, and, of course, ajc. Aspects included in -inpath will be woven into like other .class files, and they will affect other types as usual.
Aspect libraries using -aspectpath: AspectJ 1.1 supports weaving from read-only libraries containing aspects. Like input jars, they affect all input; unlike input jars, they themselves are not affected or emitted as output. Sources compiled with aspect libraries must be run with the same aspect libraries on their classpath.
The following example builds the tracing example in a command-line environment; it creates a read-only aspect library, compiles some classes for use as input bytecode, and compiles the classes and other sources with the aspect library.
The tracing example is in the AspectJ distribution ({aspectj}/doc/examples/tracing). This uses the following files:
aspectj1.1/
bin/
ajc
lib/
aspectjrt.jar
examples/
tracing/
Circle.java
ExampleMain.java
lib/
AbstractTrace.java
TraceMyClasses.java
notrace.lst
Square.java
tracelib.lst
tracev3.lst
TwoDShape.java
version3/
Trace.java
TraceMyClasses.java
Below, the path separator is taken as ";", but file separators are "/". All commands are on one line. Adjust paths and commands to your environment as needed.
Setup the path, classpath, and current directory:
cd examples
export ajrt=../lib/aspectjrt.jar
export CLASSPATH="$ajrt"
export PATH="../bin:$PATH"
Build a read-only tracing library:
ajc -argfile tracing/tracelib.lst -outjar tracelib.jar
Build the application with tracing in one step:
ajc -aspectpath tracelib.jar -argfile tracing/notrace.lst -outjar tracedapp.jar
Run the application with tracing:
java -classpath "$ajrt;tracedapp.jar;tracelib.jar" tracing.ExampleMain
Build the application with tracing from binaries in two steps:
-
(a) Build the application classes (using javac for demonstration’s sake):
mkdir classes javac -d classes tracing/*.java jar cfM app.jar -C classes .
-
(b) Build the application with tracing:
ajc -inpath app.jar -aspectpath tracelib.jar -outjar tracedapp.jar
Run the application with tracing (same as above):
java -classpath "$ajrt;tracedapp.jar;tracelib.jar" tracing.ExampleMain
Run the application without tracing:
java -classpath "app.jar" tracing.ExampleMain
The AspectJ compiler API
The AspectJ compiler is implemented completely in Java and can be called
as a Java class. The only interface that should be considered public are
the public methods in org.aspectj.tools.ajc.Main
. E.g.,
main(String[] args)
takes the the standard ajc
command line
arguments. This means that an alternative way to run the compiler is
java org.aspectj.tools.ajc.Main [option...] [file...]
To access compiler messages programmatically, use the methods
setHolder(IMessageHolder holder)
and/or
run(String[] args, IMessageHolder holder)
. ajc
reports each message
to the holder using IMessageHolder.handleMessage(..)
. If you just want
to collect the messages, use MessageHandler
as your IMessageHolder
.
For example, compile and run the following with aspectjtools.jar
on
the classpath:
import org.aspectj.bridge.*;
import org.aspectj.tools.ajc.Main;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class WrapAjc {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Main compiler = new Main();
MessageHandler m = new MessageHandler();
compiler.run(args, m);
IMessage[] ms = m.getMessages(null, true);
System.out.println("messages: " + Arrays.asList(ms));
}
}
Stack Traces and the SourceFile attribute
Unlike traditional java compilers, the AspectJ compiler may in certain cases generate classfiles from multiple source files. Unfortunately, the original Java class file format does not support multiple SourceFile attributes. In order to make sure all source file information is available, the AspectJ compiler may in some cases encode multiple filenames in the SourceFile attribute. When the Java VM generates stack traces, it uses this attribute to specify the source file.
(The AspectJ 1.0 compiler also supports the .class file extensions of JSR-45. These permit compliant debuggers (such as jdb in Java 1.4.1) to identify the right file and line even given many source files for a single class. JSR-45 support is planned for ajc in AspectJ 1.1, but is not in the initial release. To get fully debuggable .class files, use the -XnoInline option.)
Probably the only time you may see this format is when you view stack traces, where you may encounter traces of the format
java.lang.NullPointerException
at Main.new$constructor_call37(Main.java;SynchAspect.java[1k]:1030)
where instead of the usual
File:LineNumber
format, you see
File0;File1[Number1];File2[Number2] ... :LineNumber
In this case, LineNumber is the usual offset in lines plus the "start line" of the actual source file. That means you use LineNumber both to identify the source file and to find the line at issue. The number in [brackets] after each file tells you the virtual "start line" for that file (the first file has a start of 0).
In our example from the null pointer exception trace, the virtual start line is 1030. Since the file SynchAspect.java "starts" at line 1000 [1k], the LineNumber points to line 30 of SynchAspect.java.
So, when faced with such stack traces, the way to find the actual source location is to look through the list of "start line" numbers to find the one just under the shown line number. That is the file where the source location can actually be found. Then, subtract that "start line" from the shown line number to find the actual line number within that file.
In a class file that comes from only a single source file, the AspectJ compiler generates SourceFile attributes consistent with traditional Java compilers.